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Early modern period : ウィキペディア英語版
Early modern period

In history, the early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate, the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age (c. 1500), known as the Middle Ages, through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, with the Renaissance period, and with the Age of Discovery (especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492, but also with the discovery of the sea route to the East in 1498), and ending around the French Revolution in 1789.
Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its globalizing character.〔Jan De Vries, "The limits of globalization in the early modern world." ''Economic History Review'' (2010) 63#3 pp: 710–733.〕 The period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe. The historical powers became involved in global trade. This world trading of goods, plants, animals, and food crops saw exchange in the Old World and the New World. The Columbian exchange greatly affected the human environment.
Economies and institutions began to appear, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period. This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states, particularly Genoa, Venice, and Milan. The early modern period also saw the rise and beginning of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. It also saw the European colonization of the Americas, Asia, and Africa during the 15th to 19th centuries, which spread Christianity around the world.
The early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and other-times economically. The period in Europe witnessed the decline of feudalism and includes the Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years' War, the Commercial Revolution, the European colonization of the Americas, and the Golden Age of Piracy.
Ruling China at the beginning of the early modern period, the Ming Dynasty was “one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history”.〔Edwin O. Reischauer, et al. ''A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition'' (1960)〕 By the 16th century the Ming economy was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch. The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan saw the Nanban trade after the arrival of the first European Portuguese.
Other notable trends of the early modern period include the development of experimental science, the speedup of travel through improvements in mapping and ship design, increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics and the emergence of nation states. Historians typically date the end of the early modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the "modern" period.〔Christopher Alan Bayly, ''The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: global connections and comparisons'' (2004).〕
==Early modern timeline==

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Period = from:1450 till:1850
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ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:1450
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align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:11 shift:(0,-5)
bar:Timeframe color:era
from:1500 till:1800 text:Early modern period
bar:Timeframe color:filler
from:1450 till:1500 text:Late Middle Ages
from:1800 till:1850 text: Modern age
bar:Spain color:age
from: 1492 till: 1850 shift:(0,3) text:Spanish Empire
from: 1492 till: 1700 text:Spanish Renaissance
from: 1700 till: 1814 text:Spanish Enlightenment
bar:Spain color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1492 text:Reconquista
from: 1814 till: 1850 text:Nationalism
bar:Britain color:age
from: 1485 till: 1801 shift:(-85,-3) text:Early modern Britain
from: 1707 till: 1801 text:Great Britain
bar:Britain color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1485 text:House of York
from: 1801 till: 1850 shift:(0,4) text:Industrial Revolution
from: 1801 till: 1850 shift:(0,-8) text:United Kingdom
bar:France color:age
from: 1610 till: 1850 text:Ancien Régime
from: 1492 till: 1610 text:French Renaissance
from: 1450 till: 1789 shift:(0,4) text:Kingdom of France
bar:France color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1492 text:Medieval France
from: 1789 till: 1792 shift:(0,4) text:French Revolution
from: 1789 till: 1850 shift:(9,-8) text:Modern France
bar:Scandinavia color:age
from: 1523 till: 1814 shift:(0,3) text:Denmark–Norway
from: 1523 till: 1814 shift:(0,-8) text:Sweden
bar:Scandinavia color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1523 text:Kalmar Union
from: 1814 till: 1850 shift:(0,3) text:Denmark
from: 1814 till: 1850 shift:(0,-8) text:Sweden-Norway
bar:Germany color:age
from: 1450 till: 1806 shift:(-75,4) text:Holy Roman Empire
from: 1450 till: 1522 text:German Renaissance
from: 1522 till: 1618 shift:(0,-8) text:Reformation
from: 1618 till: 1648 text:Thirty Years War
from: 1648 till: 1815 text:Kleinstaaterei
from: 1806 till: 1815 shift:(0,4) text:Rhine Confederation
bar:Germany color:filler
from: 1815 till: 1850 shift:(-3,-8) text:German Confederation
bar:Italy color:age
from: 1450 till: 1494 text:Renaissance
from: 1494 till: 1559 text:Italian Wars
from: 1559 till: 1814 text:Foreign domination
bar:Italy color:filler
from: 1814 till: 1850 text:Italian unification
bar:Poland color:age
from: 1507 till: 1569 text:Polish Golden Age
from: 1569 till: 1795 text:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
bar:Poland color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1507 text:Medieval Poland
from: 1795 till: 1850 text:Partitioned Poland
bar:Ottomans color:age
from: 1450 till: 1683 text:Ottoman growth
from: 1683 till: 1827 text:Ottoman stagnation
bar:Ottomans color:filler
from: 1827 till: 1850 text:Ottoman decline
bar:Russia color:age
from: 1547 till: 1721 text:Tsardom of Russia
from: 1721 till: 1850 text:Russian Empire
bar:Russia color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1547 text:Moscow
bar:C.Asia color:age
from: 1450 till: 1687 text:Chagatai Khanate
from: 1687 till: 1756 text:Zunghar Khanate
from: 1756 till: 1850 text:Russian Empire
bar:C.Asia color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1502 text:Golden Horde
bar:India color:age
from: 1526 till: 1707 text:Mughal Empire
from: 1707 till: 1818 text:Maratha Empire
bar:India color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1526 text:Delhi sultanate
from: 1818 till: 1850 text:Company Raj
bar:China color:age
from: 1450 till: 1644 text:Ming Dynasty
from: 1644 till: 1850 text:Qing Dynasty
bar:Korea color:age
from: 1450 till: 1850 text:Joseon Dynasty
bar:Japan color:age
from: 1467 till: 1570 text:Sengoku
from: 1570 till: 1603 text:Azuchi–Momoyama
from: 1603 till: 1850 text:Edo period
bar:Japan color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1467
bar:N.America color:age
from: 1534 till: 1600 text:New France
from: 1600 till: 1770 text:British America
from: 1770 till: 1850 shift:(0,4) text:British Canada
from: 1770 till: 1850 shift:(0,-8) text:United States
bar:N.America color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1534 text:Mississippian
bar:C.America color:age
from: 1521 till: 1535 shift:(33,-3) text:Spanish Conquest
from: 1535 till: 1821 text:New Spain
bar:C.America color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1521 text:Late Postclassic
from: 1821 till: 1850 text:Mexico
bar:Brazil color:age
from: 1500 till: 1815 text:Colonial Brazil
from: 1815 till: 1823 shift:(-6,5) text:United Brazil
bar:Brazil color:filler
from: 1450 till: 1500 text:Classic
from: 1823 till: 1850 shift:(9,-4) text:Brazil

:::''Dates are approximate. Consult particular article for details.''
::: Early modern themes Other

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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